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Dyslexia is one of the most common learning disabilities in children and adults. It affects 20 percent of the population and accounts for 80 to 90 percent of those with learning disabilities. As with all learning disabilities, early detection and intervention are crucial. Particularly in stemming further learning difficulties in later life. If you’re worried that your child may have dyslexia, below is a guide on what signs to look out for and how to get a dyslexia diagnosis.

Discover how you can explain ADHD in a way that’s easy for the child to understand, and accurately represents their amazing brain. Check out this Handout: Kid-Friendly Assessment Summary to help kids understand their amazing brains.

 

What is Dyslexia?

 

The International Dyslexia Association defines dyslexia as a specific and unexpected learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. Individuals with dyslexia primarily have difficulty in phonological processing. Phonology is an underlying skill that facilitates both learning how to decode and spell. Students with dyslexia struggle with isolating the sounds in words, matching sounds with letters, and blending sounds into words. The visual magnocellular system is responsible for timing visual events when reading. In dyslexics, the development of the visual magnocellular system is impaired: development of the magnocellular layers of the dyslexic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is abnormal; their motion sensitivity is reduced; many dyslexics show unsteady binocular fixation; hence poor visual localization, particularly on the left side (left neglect). However, this visual phenomenon does not explain dyslexia.

In other words, these students have problems “cracking the code.” This means arbitrary written symbols (called orthography) are not automatically processed as well as their peers who have cracked the code with more automaticity do. As a result, an individual with dyslexia will find it difficult to sound out words and show poor spelling and decoding abilities. 

When left unaddressed, dyslexia can also lead to problems in reading fluency. If you aren’t reading fluently, you will be at risk for having reading comprehension difficulties and will most likely avoid reading since it’s an unpleasant experience. Lack of practice reading means less exposure to vocabulary and reduced learning background knowledge. In short, without proper intervention, dyslexia leads to a foundational literacy issue, which then causes downstream issues. 

For the most part, however, what exactly causes dyslexia is still unknown. We do know there is a genetic link; studies show that children with a family history of dyslexia or other learning disabilities are more susceptible. There are also other risk factors to consider, such as low birth weight, premature birth, and exposure to harmful substances (drugs, nicotine, alcohol) during pregnancy. 

Get insights into supporting students with disabilities resulting from dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia through comprehensive Q&A by NY State Education Dept. 

Read about these exciting advances in the endless debate over traditional reading instructional methods- Our Choice: Rapidly Translate, Evaluate and Adopt Innovative Literacy Methods or Prolong the Reading Wars by Bruce Howlett with Caitlin S. Howlett, Ph.D.

 

Common Signs of Dyslexia

 

Dyslexia can occur at all levels of intelligence. Children who struggle with dyslexia can often excel in other areas of learning and creative thinking. This is arguably one of the reasons why early signs of dyslexia are easy to overlook, especially in bright students. These students can easily compensate for this sometimes “invisible” learning disability, which makes knowing when and how to get a dyslexia diagnosis all the more necessary. 

Typically, dyslexia is detected once a child enters school and starts learning to read. But younger children may also show symptoms that hint at a learning problem. Here are some early signs of dyslexia in children and teens to watch out for from The Mayo Clinic:

Early/Pre-School Years

• Late talking
• Slow to learn new words
• Often reverses and confuses word sounds, especially those that sound alike
• Difficulty naming letters, numbers, colors, and even recognizing letters in their own name
• Struggles to learn nursery rhymes, understand rhyming patterns, or play rhyming games

Elementary Years

• Reads below the expected level for their age (slow or inaccurate reading)
• Struggles with understanding and processing what they hear
• Struggles to find the right words or form answers and often opts to substitute words 
• Difficulty in remembering the sequence of events or things
• Difficulty in distinguishing similarities and differences in letters and words
• Unable to sound out the pronunciation of new words and struggles with spelling
• Takes a long time to complete reading or writing exercises and shies away from reading tasks

Teens and Adults

• Problems with reading, often leaving out short words or parts of longer words
• Struggles with spelling and writing
• Difficulty pronouncing expected or familiar words or names
• Takes a long time to complete tasks that involve reading and writing or avoids reading activities
• Struggles with “getting” jokes, puns, or expressions with meanings that are not readily obvious
• Difficulty grasping a second language and telling or summarizing a story
• Struggles with memorizing or doing math problems

If you think your child might have dyslexia, read this article to learn more.

 

When and How to Get a Dyslexia Diagnosis

 

Dyslexia becomes easier to spot once a child enters kindergarten or first grade. This is because children with dyslexia often struggle with understanding basic reading skills, so they will noticeably fall behind their peers. 

Your child’s primary teacher will hopefully notify you if he or she is falling behind reading benchmarks. They may suggest an assessment and offer assistance on how to get a dyslexia diagnosis for your child. Discover what dyslexia assessment is and how it can help students with dyslexia and other processing disorder to catch up to grade-level literacy skills.

However, school districts and schools use their own metrics to determine what’s expected in terms of learning literacy. What parents don’t know is that many of these popular metrics are not researched-backed (This is another topic to be discussed at a later point). It is currently thought that developmental dyslexia can be viewed as the result of the effects of single deficits or multiple deficits. 

A licensed clinical psychologist (ideally, a neuropsychologist) performs the testing for dyslexia on a child. Likewise, a licensed clinical psychologist can also work with a licensed speech language therapist, who can also collect necessary and relevant data (see below).  Meanwhile, an occupational therapist can evaluate fine motor and visual spatial skills.

According to the International Dyslexia Association, dyslexia evaluation should consider the following factors:

• Background information from parents and teachers
• Oral language skills
• Word recognition
• Decoding
• Spelling
• Phonological processing
• Fluency skills
• Reading comprehension
• Vocabulary
• Graphomotor skills

Moreover, a child or adult should undergo a neuropsychological evaluation to get a closer look at brain functions. This type of test can measure attention span, memory, and language skills. It can help determine the reasons a child is struggling in school and help you plan an intervention. And like any type of learning issue, clinical psychologists can also rule in or out co-morbity since many learning issues are not “pure” in nature. 

 

Why Diagnosing Dyslexia is Important 

 

When left unchecked, dyslexia and other learning disabilities can persist well into adulthood. Without any support, children with dyslexia can experience frustration and learning blocks that may ultimately hamper their learning growth and development. Changing how dyslexia is diagnosed could help many more children learn to read. Learn why so many dyslexia diagnoses are often missed by too many schools.

In many cases, not knowing how to get a dyslexia diagnosis and ignoring the signs of learning disabilities can lead to moodiness and chronic stress, expose children as targets for bullying, and take a toll on the child’s self-esteem. These outcomes may worsen as a child gets older and cause further mental, academic, and career-related problems.

Having a formal evaluation and diagnosis also allows your child to qualify for their school’s special services and Individualized Education Program or IEP. In the United States, all students are eligible for IEPs.  Entering your child into a specialized program gives you access to accommodations and modifications in your child’s academic path and goals.

Modifications make changes to what your child is taught in school and adjust expectations in what he is supposed to achieve. An example of this would be giving a different set of homework or grading using a different standard. Modifications are made on the child’s IEP. 

Meanwhile, accommodations are steps taken by the school to allow children with dyslexia to keep pace with their peers. This may include:

• Access to taped lectures and audio versions of learning materials
• Use of text-to-speech software to help with writing
• Extra time on tests and writing and reading exercises
• No foreign language requirement
• Access to vocabulary lists and new concepts ahead of time
• Alternative books with similar content in the student’s reading level
• Read-aloud exemptions
• Grading students on mastery of content instead of spelling or reading fluency